8 Most Common IELTS Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

Here is a list of eight most common IELTS pitfalls that cost test takers precious points. More is less. A very common mistake is to answer in more words than instructed. If the task says Not more than 3 words, answering in 4 or more words will definitely cost marks.Less is less. The length of a written task is crucial. When instructions mention a minimal number of words (250 for an essay, 150 for report or letter), it means that any work shorter than required will be penalized.A longer essay doesnt mean a better mark. Another common misconception is that longer essays score better in IELTS. Not only is this a myth, but also a dangerous one. Writing a long essay can indirectly cost marks because the chances of making mistakes increase with the number of words and sentences.Changing the subject is unacceptable. Every so often a student is asked to write on a topic, that he doesnt understand. To avoid the disaster of missing a whole task they decide to write on a slightly – or entirely - different topic. The sad fact is that no matter how beautiful the submitted work is, the wrong topic means a zero score. Another similar pitfall is to omit parts of the given topic or ignore the guidelines in your work. Every point the topic refers to needs to be covered because the examiners will be actually counting them.A good memory can get you in trouble. Having seen that the topics sometimes repeat, smart students with good memory decide to memorize essays. This is a terrible mistake to make because the examiners are trained to look for memorized essays and have firm instructions to disqualify such works on the spot.An accent is not important. Pronunciation is. IELTS, being a test for non-native English speakers cant penalize people for having an accent. The problem here is that not everyone knows the difference between speaking with an accent and mispronouncing the words. No matter how strong an accent a person has, the words are to be pronounced correctly or it will cost marks.It is not the ideas that are important, but the way they are described in. Man y students think that expressing the wrong ideas (whether it is an essay, letter or discussion) can harm their score. The truth is that no idea can be wrong and the ideas are not important on their own, it is the way they are expressed in that important.Connective words: the more is not always the better. Smart students know that one of the essays marking criteria is coherence and cohesion, and what better way is there to demonstrate cohesion than to use lots of connective words, right? Wrong. Overuse of connective words is a known problem, which is easily recognized and penalized by the examiners. A word of advice: to stay out of trouble, it is equally important to be aware of the pitfalls and to practice enough before the exam. Being familiar with the structure and the procedure of the test will build up confidence and that will reflect in your score. This article was kindly provided by Simone Braverman who runs an excellent IELTS blog full of useful information and tips on taking the IELTS exam.

The Censors, by Luisa Valenzuela - 856 Words

â€Å"The Censors† by Luisa Valenzuela The short story â€Å"The Censors† by Luisa Valenzuela is set in Argentina during the dictatorship of Jorge Videla who reigned from 1976 to 1983. Juan, the protagonist of the text, starts the story by writing a letter to his old friend, Mariana, at her new residence in Paris. He had received Mariana’s new address from a confidential source and was too excited to think of his actions before writing and sending the letter. Later, Juan’s â€Å"mind [was] off his job during the day and [he couldn’t] sleep at night,† thinking of the letter (Valenzuela 966). He believes the contents to be innocent and irreproachable, but the censors of the Argentine government â€Å"examine, sniff, feel, and read between the lines of each†¦show more content†¦He was shocked at the â€Å"subtle and conniving ways employed by people to pass on subversive messages† (Valenzuela 968) and censored much of the letter s he analyzed. Juan’s zeal was noticed by his superiors, and he was soon promoted to Section B, where he was to read and reread the letters as well as search them with magnifying glasses and electron microscopes for microdots. His work was so tiring; he barely managed to eat dinner before falling into bed at night. His mother worried for him, and, although it was not always the truth, told him that Lola and the girls were at the bar and missed him. Juan never indulged though, for he would be distracted, and he could not afford that. He was the most cunning at the Censorship Division and was about to congratulate himself for finding his true mission, when he received his letter to Mariana. Without regret, Juan censored it, and the next morning was executed: â€Å"one more victim of his devotion to his work† (Valenzuela 968). â€Å"The Censors† Uncensored Within Valenzuela’s â€Å"The Censors,† the satirical theme of this story mocks Juan, his thoughtless actions and his letter are symbols for innocence and secrecy. Juan’s actions symbolize the innocence of childhood and those who haven’t experienced hardship, of those who are impressionable and naà ¯ve. Juan’s actions when he receives Mariana’s address and immediately â€Å"without thinking twice, he [†¦ writes] her a letter† and sends it show his lack ofShow MoreRelatedBeing A Workaholic In The Censors By Luisa Valenzuela847 Words   |  4 Pages The story â€Å"The Censors† written by Luisa Valenzuela is about a man named Juan climbing up the ladder of his career as a censor to find the letter he sent. However, as the story progresses, Juan became devoted to his work and forgot his original purpose of becoming a censor. Valenzuela wrote, â€Å"Soon his work became so absorbing that his noble mission blurred in his min d.† (Valenzuela, 41). At the end, he saw his career as the priority over his life, and he was killed. From this story, I was inspiredRead MoreThree Hundred Eighty Seven1122 Words   |  5 Pagesof 387 years. To name a few, the United States became a country, trains were invented, cars were invented, airplanes were invented, and the world experienced two world wars. Also during this period two people were born; Miguel de Cervantes and Luisa Valenzuela. Born in 1547, Cervantes would grow up to write one of the most renowned books of his time, Don Quixote. Don Quixote was first published in 1605 during the Renaissance. It is the story of Don Quixote de La Mancha, who is an average middle classRead MoreEssay A Decision Made757 Words   |  4 PagesComstock, a pubic obscenity censor. Although she knew her possible consequences would be ridicule and possible prison time, she would openly dispense pessaries, and would distribute her book, What Every Girl Should Know which was abou t venereal diseases. Because of her decision, she was able to accept the consequences, without letting anyone slow her down on her cause. Within An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge by Ambrose Bierce, The Censors by Luisa Valenzuela, and Paper by Catherine LimRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Like The Sun `` By R. K. Narayan1181 Words   |  5 Pagesexample of one of â€Å"life’s little ironies.† Authors often use irony to satirize the shortcomings in human nature. For our purposes, we’ll be looking at â€Å"Like the Sun† by R. K. Narayan, who uses irony to advocate truth in moderation; â€Å"The Censors† by Luisa Valenzuela, who teaches how power corrupts through irony; and â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift, who uses irony to deride Ireland’s lack of drive to solve economic problems. â€Å"Like the Sun† by R.K. Narayan uses situational irony to demonstrateRead MoreSetting, Circumstances, And Background Of The Censors1605 Words   |  7 Pageschose to write about the setting, circumstances, and background of the Censors. This story is written by Luisa Valenzuela. In this story, she depicts a young man writing to his love. Knowing that the mail would be checked several times, and very thoroughly before it was sent, if it was to be sent at all, he wrote his words very cautiously. The man wanted his letter to be sent very badly, so he signed up to become one of the censors. He moved up ranks until he finally saw his letter. Newly loyal to hisRead MoreTiempo de Silencio Essay1754 Words   |  8 Pagesdifficulty that the author encountered in his attempt to publish the book is the first reflection of the censorship of the era; although the novel was finished in 1960 it was not published until 1962, in the form of an edition with 20 pages removed by the censor . The full uncensored edition was not released in Spain until 1981, by which time Franco’s regime was almost unrecognisable from the heavily oppressive nature that it had at its beginning, and was in comparison extremely liberal. In the post civilRead MoreYolo1583 Words   |  7 Pagesan analytical and critical thinking skills Argentina : The Book of Sand Jorge Luis Borges Semantic Mapping Discussion Making Predictions 1,2,3,9 Discuss the metamorphosis of the main character in the story and its impact to him. The Censors - Luisa Valenzuela Relate story to Philippine situation during the Martial Law era in the country. Prompt Seatwork 5 3,5,8 Predict the decision made by the main character in the story. Discuss the ways in which symbols and figurative language ( imagery)are

History Of Multifocal Bone Infarctions Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Osteonecrosis is a common complication of corticosteroid therapy. In this survey, we report the instance of a patient with injury of both articulatio genuss 1 twelvemonth back who has been diagnosed with knee osteonecrosis affecting bilateral proximal tibial and distal thighbone likely due to microvascular hurt to proximal shinbone and distal thighbone. A 22-year-old male patient presented with a history of writhing hurt of both articulatio genuss. We will write a custom essay sample on History Of Multifocal Bone Infarctions Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now He had non taken any drug, In malice of some anodynes, that leads to osteonecrosis. One twelvemonth subsequently, he developed bilateral anterior articulatio genus hurting of insidious oncoming. Magnetic resonance imagination performed on admittance showed osteonecrosis of the bilateral proximal tibial and distal thighbone, about every bit pronounced in the shinbone and thighbone. Osteonecrosis is a reasonably common complication in patients with the history of corticoid usage for the intervention of assortment of systemic and arthritic upsets. The status can attest itself anyplace in the skeletal system, most normally in the femoral caput. Distal thighbone and proximal shinbone with bilateral engagement is rather rare in the literature. Injury of both articulatio genuss and within one twelvemonth gross osteonecrosis of bilateral articulatio genus articulation is rarest presentation. BONE INFARCTION: known by other names i.e. Avascular mortification, osteonecrosis, sterile mortification, ischaemic bone mortification and AVN ) is a disease due to break of blood supply of tissues, because of vascular via media, cellular decease of bone occur that leads to prostration. It is largely occur in the country where blood supply is unstable and by terminal arterias. It is largely occur at hip articulation but late there is increased opportunity of infarction in weight bearing country of articulatio genus articulation besides and leads to gross devastation of articular surfaces and whole articulations and ligaments. There are many theories about what causes avascular mortification. Hazard factors are chemotherapy in malignant neoplastic disease patient, long term usage of intoxicant and steroid, station injury, decompression illness, vascular via media due to arterial intercalation and thrombosis due to intimal harm, Radiation, prolonged usage of bisphosphonate in osteoporo sis, blood upsets, such as reaping hook cell disease, Glycogen storage upset i.e. Gaucher disease. Commonest is idiopathic. Systemic lupus erythematous, Rheumatoid arthritis, Prolonged, repeated exposure to high force per unit areas etc. So bone infarction can happen by two ways one is primary due to direct hurt of blood supply by child or terrible injury known as self-generated osteonecrosis of the articulatio genus ( SPONK ) , is ill understood but seems to be the consequence of some type of injury to the articulatio genus. It normally affects merely one articulatio genus and most frequently a individual country within the articulatio genus. The country of bone in the articulatio genus loses its normal blood supply and may finally weaken and prostration. This typically leads to trouble and functional restrictions. The hurting is frequently sudden oncoming and increases with weight bearing, step mounting, and at dark. SPONK is most frequently seen in aged adult females with osteopo rosis and secondrily due to drawn-out exposure of hazard factors, affect multiple countries of the articulatio genus, and 80 % of people have both articulatio genuss affected. Case History A 22-year-old adult male with no important medical history presented after the one twelvemonth of in important history of injury complained of left articulatio genus hurting, which he noted after making difficult work and remainder and sometime without associated injury. Pain became worse at dark.He is holding a good scope of articulatio genus gesture bilaterally but terminally terrible painful. Initially he is able to his day-to-day modus operandis but after few old ages subsequently he is non able to make his modus operandi and progressive fatigues additions, musculus neglect wasting, and failing around the joint. He is besides holding history of ictuss for which he is taking intervention but the cause is non cleared because CT encephalon is normal. Everyday research lab scrutiny showed neutrophilia, thrombocytosis, with a hemoglobin degree of 11.3 g/dL, entire WBC count 14100, N 85 % , L 44 % , M 12 % , RBC 3.84, HCT 35 % , MCV 91 % , MCH 29.5pg, MCHC32.3g/dl, RDW14.8 % , ph4.58, MPV 7.7, PCT 0.35 % , PDW 16, and a elevated ESR 101.Periphral vilification shows no sickling. An MRI of the left articulatio genus showed increased ruddy bone marrow within the distal thighbone and proximal tibia/fibula, ab initio thought to be compatible with anaemia from an unexplained inflammatory procedure. Further urologic and gastro enterologic workup was negative. There is no history of steroid or other drug consumptions along with no any drawn-out exposure of hazard factors. Clinical Photograph: Degree centigrades: UsersuserPictures2013-02-15 14.26.49.jpg Fig ( 1 ) Bilateral articulatio genus with normal skin coloring material with same degree of kneecap with mild gush in left side XRAY OF LEFT KNEE Degree centigrades: UsersuserPictures2013-02-15 13.59.11.jpgfig ( 2 ) : radiogram of bilateral articulatio genuss joint with decresed joint infinite with distal femur median compartment articular devolution with little addition denseness of median femoral articular border. MRI OF R T KNEE JOINT Degree centigrades: UsersuserPictures2013-02-15 14.08.28.jpgC: UsersuserPictures2013-02-15 14.11.41.jpgC: UsersuserPictures2013-02-15 14.09.42.jpg Fig ( 3 ) : There is grounds of extended chronic medullary bone infarct in metaphyseal part of thighbone and shinbone with features dual line mark with deficiency of internal hydrops and widening upto the subchondral home base with prostration of the articular border of thighbone. There is marrow hydrops in subarticular part of shinbone and thighbone. Rate 2 myxoid degenerative alterations are seen in the anterior horn of sidelong semilunar cartilage and posterior horn of median semilunar cartilage, break of normal additive uninterrupted low signal strength of anterior cruciate ligament with partial break of fiber at tibial and femoral fond regard. MRI OF LEFT KNEE Degree centigrades: UsersuserPictures2013-02-15 14.11.41.jpg C: UsersuserPictures2013-02-15 14.12.39.jpgC: UsersuserPictures2013-02-15 14.12.06.jpg Fig ( 4 ) : There is grounds of extended chronic medullary bone infarct in metaphyseal part of thighbone and shinbone with features dual line mark with deficiency of internal hydrops and widening upto the subchondral home base with prostration of the articular border of thighbone. There is marrow hydrops in subarticular part of shinbone and thighbone. Tear of anterior horn of median semilunar cartilage. Modrate joint gush predominately in supra patellar pouch. MRI of BRAIN: Brain parenchyma shows normal MR morphology and grey white distinction, there is no focal parenchymal lesion. Basal gangia and thalmi are normal in volume and signal strength. Mid encephalon, Ponss, and myelin are cardinal and appear normal in signal strength. The cerebellar hemisphere are normal. Ventricular system are normal. WHOLE BODY BONE SCANC: UsersuserPictures2013-02-20 10.23.45.jpg Degree centigrades: UsersuserPictures2013-02-20 10.23.29.jpg Fig ( 5 ) : Skeltal scintigraphy done with20mci of 99m Tc-MDP endovenous and graph taken in three stages post injection revels. ( 1 ) : Flow stage ( immediate station injection ) : there is addition flow in part of bilateral articulatio genuss articulation ( 2 ) : Blood pool stage ( 5 min station injection ) : there is pooling in the part of bilateral articulatio genuss articulation ( 3 ) : Delayed stage ( 3 hour station injection ) : there is increase tracer uptake in the part of bilateral articulatio genus articulation, distal shaft of bilateral thighbone, proximal shaft of bilateral shinbone Suggestive of: -non specific arthritis bilateral articulatio genuss joint with infarct in distal shaft of bilateral thighbones and proximal shaft of bilateral shinbone. Prevention At the present, there is no known bar but we can decrese the opportunity of AVN by extinguishing the hazard factors. Avoid Immuno-suppressants and other drugs such as Steroids, Glucocorticoid, Indocin, and Butazolidin and drugs that prevent the loss of bone mass such as Bisphosphonate ( diphosphonates ) .Foods that are good and nourish castanetss contain Calcium, Magnesium, Vitamin C and Vitamin D. Treatment The end in this instance is to better the map and to look into farther harm to the bone so that bone and joint survived. Without intervention, most people with the disease will see terrible hurting and restriction in motion. To find the most appropriate intervention, the physician considers the followers: the age of the patient, the phase of the disease ( early or late ) , the location and whether bone is affected over a little or big country, the underlying cause of osteonecrosis. The articulatio genus is the 2nd most common location for osteonecrosis after hip. The disease can be classified into 4 phases — phase I: patterned advance from no radiographical findings ; phase II: a little flattening of a the median condyle ; phase Three: visual aspect of a radiolucent lesion: and present IV: articular gristle prostration. There are two typical entities: ( I ) self-generated osteonecrosis of the articulatio genus ( SPONK ) , and ( two ) secondary osteonecrosis of the articulatio genus. They are differentiated by age of presentation, associated hazard factors ( e.g. usage of corticoid and alcohol addiction ) , location, lateralization, and condylar engagement. First stop hazard factors i.e. corticoid or intoxicant usage, intervention may non work unless usage of the substance is stopped. Early infarcts ( before X ray alterations are apparent ) can be treated with a surgical process called nucleus decompression and bone grafting or autologous bone marrow organ transplant to better circulation of affected country, but one time the condyle has lost its contour, nucleus decompression will non assist in hurting alleviation and farther prostration of the weight-bearing zone. The of import end to accomplish at this phase is the immobilisation of the affected country. Early Reconstruction, with debridement of the necrotic zone and replacing of the dead bone with autologous bone reinforced to back up the subchondral bone at hazard of prostration. Later phases of avas cular mortification ( when X ray alterations have occurred ) necessarily advancement to a earnestly damaged bone and/or articulation that require arthroplasty or joint replacing surgery. DISCUSION Osteonecrosis has been reported during or after the class of steroid intervention in several conditions such as reaping hook cell disease, systemic lupus erythematus, ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn’sdisease. Corticosteroids are believed to heighten the microvascular ischaemia by diminishing bone blood flow along with increased bone marrow force per unit area due to intra medullary lipocytes hypertrophy. The status can attest itself anyplace in the skeletal system, most normally in the femoral caput, but similar alterations have been reported in the distal articulatio genus, proximal shinbone, humerus, cubitus and the pes. No clear cut regulations exit sing the dosage and continuance of corticoid intervention followed by manifestation of osteonecrosis. Reported instances have documented it every bit early as 6 months to every bit tardily as three old ages. On carnal theoretical account it is reported to be found one hebdomad after the initial steroid disposal. Osteonecrosis begins perniciously and frequently the diagnosing is easy missed and delayed due to often normal field radiogram in early portion of the disease even in the presence of pathological alterations. MRI has been reported to be more sensitive and specific to observe osteonecrosis in an early stage. In diagnostic patients with negative field radiogram or MRI findings, the radionuclide bone scan is recommended. It is extremely sensitive for showing the countries of enhanced focal consumption before the alterations are evident on other imaging modes. Conservative intervention options including anodynes, braces, reduced weight bearing, bed remainder, deep heat modes and ROM exercisings are offered, but nil has been proved to be of much significance besides offering a impermanent diagnostic alleviation. None of the intervention options are believed to change the class of the disease. If diagnosed at an early phase, prostration of the subchondral bone and patterned advance of the disease may be averted in some patients by diminishing the joint emphasis and by developing mobility. Different surgical attacks including nucleus decompression, curettement, and bone graft have been tried with contradictory out comes, nevertheless, the ultimate intervention is frequently a joint replacing in badly involved articulations. Decision It is a common complication in patients with a history of anterior articulatio genus hurting of long continuance with history of injury or associated with other hazard factors of osteonecrosis genrally short-run or long-run corticoid. These instances are really hard to name initial phases with simple conventional imaging techniques. A careful scrutiny with high index of intuition is indispensable while covering with patients with anterior articulatio genus hurting. MRI and radionuclide bone scan are helpful in observing a field radiogram negative lesion. After clinical and radiological rating and verification of such lesion that affect the 2nd most common site after hip i.e. articulatio genus should be managed after proper theatrical production, taking to accomplish hurting free articulatio genus motion with non further deterioting the articulatio genus map and to better the morbidity of patient life. How to cite History Of Multifocal Bone Infarctions Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Asteroids Essay Research Paper Inour solar system free essay sample

Asteroids Essay, Research Paper In our solar system today there are over 30 000 asteroids winging about in all waies clashing with other asteroids and planets non caring about the devastation they might convey. Our planet Earth is caught right in the center of all of this action and is apt to full extinction of any life signifiers on the planet if a big adequate asteroid crosses its way. Any one individual asteroid has the possibility to wipe out 1000s of old ages of history and wipeout the human race as we know it. Asteroids are big or little balls of stone and metal winging about infinite up to velocities of 80 000 kilometers per hour. These balls were believed to hold formed 1000000s of old ages ago during the large knock . These stones didn? t signifier any planets and were stuck drifting about infinite on their ain or in the gravity of the star-shaped belt. We will write a custom essay sample on Asteroids Essay Research Paper Inour solar system or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This belt is about 300 million stat mis from the Sun and it contains 1000s of asteroids some being stat mis in diameter. Another theory of the formation of asteroids is that a planet between Red planets and Jupiter one time existed and after many old ages it exploded into 1000s of pieces that are still go arounding around the Sun in the signifier of an star-shaped belt. Other asteroids are formed when big meteors collide with big asteroids making more little 1s. These meteors can besides clash with planets interrupting off balls of the crust into infinite. Ceres is believed to be the biggest asteroid that was in infinite at one point in clip. Ceres was believed to be 600 stat mis broad doing up 1/3 of the entire mass of all asteroids. Ceres was the first asteroid discovered and was found in 1801. There are two chief types of asteroids ; the foremost dominates the outer portion of the belt and are found to be rich in C, the 2nd group are located in the interior of the belt and are found to be rich in minerals. The mean temperature of the surface of an asteroid is about -73 grades C. Many people wear? T know that every twelvemonth over 50 000 little asteroids called meteors hit the Earth every twelvemonth. These meteors are the outside bed of larger asteroids that have been chipped off or are the surface of other planets that have detached from their places when hit with larger asteroids. Asteroids sometimes align with Earth when meteors winging through infinite collide with other asteroids in the belt doing pieces to interrupt away and caput in all waies. Sometimes these pieces merely go on to acquire aligned with Earth. However, scientists are seeking to detect a manner in which they can explode a atomic bomb near to the asteroid doing it to alter rotary motion and hence alteration its class. This is really unsafe because if the asteroid explodes it will do even more of a muss when 100s of pieces are so on class with the Earth. Asteroids are found all over infinite but are most abundant in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. This belt holds about 2000 asteroids all of different forms and sizes. This belt has its ain gravitative pull and all of the asteroids in it go around around the Sun. It is believed that this belt was formed when planet Ten exploded. Although the bulk of asteroids are found in this belt and are by and large stuck in its gravitational pull, they are sometimes jarred from their places from the impact of other asteroids that are invariably drifting through infinite. Although asteroids could destroy Earth if they come in contact with it, little meteors that hit Earth are found to be great finds. These little infinite stones that have been chipped off of other planets such as Saturn or Mars are a great manner of analyzing other planets surfaces without holding to go 1000000s of stat mis for samples. They semen to us. If it wasn? T for asteroids hitting the Earth, we might non be here today. Millions of old ages ago when the Earth was organizing it was a elephantine ball made of liquid molten. Over a long period of clip asteroids hit the Earth at enormous speeds doing them to fall in the molten and make a crust for life. After many old ages of this, the Earth was formed from 100s of asteroids combined into one big planet. Asteroids are found to be one of the most fascinating and unsafe things in infinite. This is because it is hard to topographic point every asteroid near to our planet and at any clip an asteroid may be spotted really near to Earth with excessively short a notice to halt it. Asteroid tracking should be really of import to the universe and more clip and money should be put into it. These objects could intend the terminal of world all together. Today we discovery over 150 craters on our planet some being a few kilometres in diameter. If asteroids this large hit our planet today many life things would be destroyed within 1000s of stat mis of the impact point. This shows us grounds that many asteroids have collided with this planet in the yesteryear that could hold ended civilisation. Today there is known to be about 163 asteroids that are winging through our solar system that are found risky to Earth. In 1997 a stat mi broad asteroid passed within the distance of the Earth and the Moon when it came 40 000 kilometer from hitting us. This seems to be a batch of room to save but it isn? T when you take into history the huge sum of infinite in our solar system. Scientists believe that an asteroid is traveling to be the closest to Earth on October 26, 2028. Because of the danger asteroids pose NASA funded a plan called infinite ticker to seek and track asteroids near to Earth. All together NASA spends about $ 3.5 million US tracking asteroids. This gets really hard because it takes 10 to 30 old ages of notice to track an asteroid on its manner towards Earth. Asteroids are classified as risky if they? rhenium bigger than 1 kilometers broad and found within 8 million kilometres of Earth. It is really likely that a big asteroid will hit the Earth in the hereafter because of the planet? s past experience with star-shaped hits. Scientists estimate that an asteroid more than 800 m in diameter hits the Earth every million old ages and a smaller one hits every century. An asteroid bigger than 1 kilometers would intend the terminal of about 30 % of the World? s population. This size of an asteroid would be the equivalent detonation to 2 million Hiroshima bombs. This detonation would wipeout population by the devastation of all life animals within a 100 stat mi radius as good as barricading off the Sun with dust and stone atoms for hebdomads or even months. Asteroids are likely the deadliest force that our solar system can bring forth, one work stoppage could set adult male back in the dark ages and would kill about the full population of our planet. It is for this ground that scientists should concentrate more on understanding asteroids and research more into the defence of our planet. At the minute we merely know where a fraction of the asteroids out at that place are. The asteroid that could destruct our planet could merely be a twelvemonth off and we Don? t even cognize it exists.

Success Factors and Leadership Strategies Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines

Introduction Air travelling is one of the most popular and constantly growing industries in the whole world. People want to use airlines to get to destination points in a short period; people want to work in the sphere of aircraft and try to improve the conditions under which the airline industry can be improved.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Success Factors and Leadership Strategies: Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The success of the chosen industry depends on the success of each airline company and their abilities to introduce appropriate authorities, airports, and services for passengers (Cento 2009). This paper aims at discussing the peculiarities of two airline companies and comparing their success factors, leadership strategies, and cultural consideration. Southwest Airlines (SWA) and Emirates Airlines are two competitive organisations from different continen ts that have many things in common and introduce a variety of managerial approaches to succeed in the airline industry. Their cultural differences, priorities, services, and leadership styles identify the chosen companies as the powerful figures in the airline industry and the examples of how services have to be offered to passengers and how a successful company has to be organised inside. The comparison of Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines is a chance to comprehend how cultural and regional diversities may define the quality of services, improve the airline industry, and provide people with appropriate working conditions and consumer services; the analysis of the companies’ leadership strategies and organisational behaviour shows that different approaches and attitudes to the idea of airline services can create two powerful organisations that can work and get improved constantly. Literature Review During a long period, the airline industry has faced certain challenges , the necessity to follow the standards and meet the requirements (Truxal 2013). The existing competitions make airline companies think about different methods to achieve goals and profits (Lumpe 2012) such as the minimisation of aircraft turnaround times or cheaper fares (Tierney Kuby 2008). The choice of the method depends a lot on the native country of a company and its working region. Such dependence influences the style of leadership, the working conditions, and even the identification of ethical considerations that have to be followed by the staff. The current technological progress and a variety of passengers’ needs and expectations promote the corrections and innovations in the airline industry as well. Organisations have to be ready to analyse their success factors and weaknesses and explain what steps they have already taken and are going to take to succeed in organising and developing.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The overview of the airline industry shows that this kind of industry has undergone many changes during the last 70 years including the development of jet airplanes or jumbo jets (Blockley 2014). The development touches upon the structural, economic, organisational, and even political aspects. People in all countries are in need of safe and constant transportation options. Besides, the airline industry should not be regarded as the sphere of services only. All services have to be created and developed by people; therefore, the chosen industry is the source of earning and a possibility to provide people with working places. In addition to the properly developed consumers’ services, people have to introduce a credible plan of work with a successful organisational context. The airline industry has already survived several economic and industrial crises. The results are impressive because aircraft services are st ill in demand and continue developing. Global air travels have been increased by 8.2% in the middle of 2015 (IATA 2015). The sphere of international air travelling in the Middle East has been also improved considerably. All these results prove that people continue working and using their best ideas to earn, provide each other with quality services, and use the latest technological achievements. Leadership is one of the crucial aspects of the organisational context (Young Price 2013). It is not only about the orders and rules that people should identify in time. Young and Price (2013) introduce leadership as a capability of people, who take leading positions, to listen, observe, analyse, use experience, and consider the current possibility to promote appropriate decision-making activities, articulate the values, and communicate with people on the necessary level. To be a good leader does not mean to have a magical combination of skills and traits and use them properly. To be a good leader means to understand a situation, define the circumstances, choose a way of work, and develop the required portion of skills gradually. Good leaders demonstrate the best skills in decision-making processes and goal-establishing activities. All these steps are usually described theoretically. In the sphere of aircraft, as well as in any other sphere, leadership theories play a very important role. There are many theories of leadership that can be offered. All of them can be divided into several meaningful groups: trait theories, situational theories, participative theories, influence theories, behavioural theories, contingency theories, transformational theories, etc. Each theory is a unique combination of explanations, approaches, and outcomes that can be used by people, who want or need to become good leaders and define leadership as a form of art that can be learnt over time (Waite 2008).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Success Factors and Leaders hip Strategies: Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines are the two organisations that demonstrate how different theories can be applied and used regarding the current technological, economic, and organisational aspects. Southwest Airlines demonstrates the ways of how it is possible to combine transformational, contingency, and behavioural theories. Emirates Airlines’ leaders are good at satisfying needs of consumers and employees and offering the best services even in the most unexpected situations. A variety of approaches used by the companies in the same sphere may be explained by an-almost-20-year-old-difference, some cultural and ethnic perspectives, or the expectations set by people. On the one hand, the companies aim at satisfying customers’ needs and try to use their best opportunities to impress a passenger. On the other hand, their inten tions are characterised by different methods and approaches: Emirates Airlines focuses on the quality and luxury of their services, and Southwest Airlines focuses on the appropriateness and accessibility of its services to ordinary people. Both companies follow the same standards defined in the airline industry. At the same time, they are so different that sometimes it seems unreasonable to compare them. The UAE and Qatar airlines are defined as the best representatives of the chosen industry (Rapoza 2014). Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines are good at training people, improving the already given sources and materials, and demonstrating high-quality results. Each of these characteristics can be introduced and analysed independently. However, it is wrong to neglect the connection between these issues. For example, training is one of the possible intervention strategies that can be used to improve the quality of aircraft services and reduce the number of errors (Sadasivan Gram opadhye 2009). The outcomes of the work depend on how successfully a training procedure has taken place and if the staff could use the available sources and materials. Leadership Theories Southwest and Emirates are the participants of the same competition, still, they introduce different approaches. Their leaders have various theoretical backgrounds. To analyse the success of both, it is necessary to enumerate several theories and styles that can be used. There are many studies dedicated to leadership theories and their roles in organisational behaviour. Some leaders may not know that they follow a particular theory or style but become the best example of a theory. As a rule, the leaders of big organisations can follow great-man theory, trait theory, Maslow’s theory of needs, or some behavioural or contingency theories.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Great Man Theory The great-man theory is regarded as one of the first attempts to understand the peculiarities of leadership at the end of the 19th century (Waite 2008). According to this theory, a person should be born to become a leader. It was necessary to have certain individual skills and use particular social and historical circumstances to become a good leader. In other words, the great-man theory teaches people about the impossibility to make a leader. A leader should be born. The supporters of such theory use the examples of good leaders and prove that they are not only the results of their times and conditions. They were the heroes due to the intrinsic features. Such theory can be hardly used to explain or analyse the airline companies under consideration. Trait Theory A new attempt to comprehend the essence of leadership was made at the beginning of the 20th century. The developers of this theory admit that people can be either born with the required qualities of a good l eader or made in regards to the chosen position. According to this theory, a leader should be intelligent, responsible, and creative to be able and guide people (Waite 2008). For example, some traits may be inherited only: adaptability to different situations, ambitiousness, self-confidence, and decisiveness. Some skills can be gained with time: creativity, smartness, persuasiveness, or communication. It is possible to believe that a part of this theory can be used to understand what helps the leaders of Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines to achieve success. Maslow’s Theory of Needs Any leader should be ready to motivate people and understand how to use others’ skills to succeed in a mutual business. Sometimes, leaders can rely on the ideas offered by Abraham Maslow about the style of leadership based on needs and motivation. This theory helps to comprehend how it is possible to lead people, meet their needs, and expect a good portion of work to be performed. As soon as a leader takes care of certain physiological needs (the necessity to eat, drink, sleep, and breathe), safety needs (job security or medical insurance), social needs (friendship or group belonging), esteem needs (recognition and self-respect), and self-actualisation needs (wisdom or justice), he/she can easily understand and identify employees, customers, and even sources to rely on in a working process (Maslow 2013). The ability to motivate people is crucial for any leader. Very often, not all leaders are eager to spend their time and efforts to identify all these needs. They just set the goals, choose the staff, and make sure the goals are met by the employees. It is a wrong mistake. Maslow believes that such attitude to leadership can hardly lead to some positive outcomes. Leaders have to think about their workers. Still, they should not be too kind or too sympathetic. It is more important to stay confident and intelligent, demanding and equitable, goal-oriented and suppor tive. Not all people comprehend how to develop all these skills and traits at the same time. That is why the theory offered by Maslow is the opportunity to understand people and become a good leader. It can happen that Southwest Airlines rely on this theory more than the representatives of Emirates Airlines. Behavioural Theories Behavioural theories focus on the idea that it is possible to turn any person into a good leader. One of the examples of how leaders can be made is given in the role theory. This theory helps to realise that all people should perform their roles and understand what expectations are connected with their roles. Leaders should encourage other people to behave in regards to the roles set. That is why leaders require the division of their organisations into departments, the departments into sections with each section having its manager. As soon as all responsibilities are identified, it seems to be easier to work, know what to do, and realise why something should be done. Southwest Airlines can be a god example of how this theory can work in practice. Contingency Theories Leadership styles can depend on the environment according to which leaders have to cooperate with employees. This type of theories explains that sometimes it is impossible to choose one best option for all situations, and it is preferable to work in regards to the demands of people around (customers or workers). For example, the path-goal theory developed by Robert House in 1996 suggests considering the idea that all leadership theories may be incorrect by their nature (Lunenberg Ornstein 2008). Leaders have to pay more attention to their abilities on how to coordinate people and achieve the goals set. The core of this theory is the behaviour demonstrated by a leader. If leaders prefer to use this theory, they have to be ready to participate directly in all discussions, make decisions, and analyse the outcomes that should be achieved and have been achieved. As a rule, it is not a difficult task if leaders like their job and are interested in the successful accomplishment of their work. It is hard to comprehend if the leaders of the chosen companies support this kind of theory. Still, it is possible to use this approach as a recommendation for both airline companies. Organisational Practice Analysis Southwest Airlines is a well-known American aircraft company that aims at providing people with the possibilities to get to the required destinations at the most affordable fares on time (About Southwest 2015). Emirates Airlines is a famous Arab organisation that has proved that the quality of airline services can be improved and available to people (About Emirates 2015). The leadership theories and approaches vary in these two organisations, and their analysis should help to comprehend what can be offered to the companies. Southwest Airlines Overview Southwest Airlines is a 45-year-old company with a brand name known to the majority of countries in the N orth America and South America as the company with the largest fleet of Boeing aircraft in the whole world (Southwest corporate fact sheet 2015). About 48,000 employees work at Southwest Airlines and demonstrate their complete devotion to everything they are involved in the company. The satisfaction of the employees and their customers serve as evidence to the properly chosen leadership activities and cooperation between people. The success of Southwest can be explained by a variety of things, and one of them is the presence of spirituality in the workplace and the promotion of spiritual and ethical values (Milliman et al. 1999). The policy of the company is a successful example of how people should be organised and controlled when it is necessary to implement some new ideas, and how to explain to the employees what should be done in a certain period. Maybe, the achievements of the company may be connected with a particular person, its leader, Gary Kelly, as well as the company†™s co-founders, Herb Kelleher and Rollin King, who ideas and approaches amazed many people. Besides, it is possible to unite the work of the company with the leadership techniques chosen. Finally, a properly chosen team, clearly defined goals, and a good leader can be interrelated and become the reason for why Southwest Airlines’ services are still in demand. The company identifies several principles according to which the staff should work. These are the warrior spirit (the abilities to work hard, be persevere and courageous, and innovate), the servant’s heart (the necessity to consider the global principles and put the demands of other people first), a fun attitude (a chance to enjoy the work, have fun, and celebrate success), and the customers’ needs (safe and reliable services, low cost, and friendly attitude). Despite the fact that these principles are developed and supported by a team of professionals, the role of a leader has to be underlined. First, th e leader takes responsibility for every single decision made in the company. Second, the leader has to evaluate and try to predict the outcomes of the work done. Finally, the leader should understand what is beneficial and harmful to the company. Southwest Airlines’ history shows that the company has four evident leaders, whose ideas and approaches captivates by their uniqueness and effectiveness. Each leader demonstrates his vision of the company and the work that has to be organised: Kelleher and King: powerful communication skills, abilities to negotiate, amazing motivational power, extraversion in work; Parker: with extremely poor communication skills, the negotiation skills are developed properly, the reserved nature of leadership; Kelly: the reserved nature of leadership with good skills in negotiation and communication, the desire to use innovation and involve employees in as many working processes as possible. All these qualities and characteristics introduce Southw est Airlines as a powerful organisation with a huge potential to stay competitive for many years. Information about Emirates Airlines Emirates Airlines is a 30-year-old organisation. It introduces the airline industry in the UAE as a kind of treasure that can be available to many people from different parts of the world. There are many people involved in the leadership of the company. Still, its main figures are Tim Clark (the current CEO and President of the company) and Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum. The beginning years of the company’s existence were not as fascinating as they expected to be. Much work had to be done. The results were impressive: with a startup of $10 million, the company became one of the leading airline companies in the whole world (History 2015). Its leaders do not focus prices or standards. They think about what can be convenient and interesting to their passengers. The chosen Arab company does not try to win competitions setting too high prices. However, Emirates Airlines wants to stay competitive using its leaders and the styles implemented. It is not enough for the company to have a strong team. It is more important to have a stable and definite leader, who can implement the best strategies and provide people with the required portion of understanding and instructions. Saeed Al Maktoum created a well-known brand of luxury, quality, and comfort from an ordinary regional company. Many people want to use the services of this organisation only. Many people cannot understand why so much money should be spent on travelling by plane that can be substituted by cheaper options like bus, car, or train travels. However, when people, who know about the services and options available to the consumers of Emirates Airlines, hear about this company, they know that it is possible to expect something unbelievable. Not long time ago, the company introduced its customers a new service, a shower in a cabin. Now, long travels become more comfortable a nd interesting for people with Emirates Airlines. The company does not want to stop and try to invent more captivating ideas. The leaders admit that they are good at competing, liberalisation and numerous financial interventions in the sphere of aviation because all of them are always in the interests of consumers (About Emirates 2015). The models and achievements of Emirates Airlines serve as one of the best examples of how leaders should behave. It is not enough to listen or make orders. A good leader has to understand what is necessary for the potential consumers of the company, if it is possible to meet the expectations, and if the services are of a high quality. The styles of leadership of Emirates Airlines captivate with their uniqueness and simplicity at the same time. On the one hand, the leader neither participates in the discussions directly nor offers new ideas. On the other hand, the leader should be aware of all decisions, intentions, and thoughts that can influence the development of the company. Such ability to control a huge organisation is great indeed, and the Emirates Airlines’ leader possesses the necessary number of qualities to be a good one. Comparison of Success Factors The evaluation of both companies helps to comprehend one thing: Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines are good in the chosen sphere of work. Their leaders know what to expect from the team, how to set goals, and what can be offered to the employees in return. However, the services of the Emirates turn out to be an opposition to everything that is offered by Southwest Airlines. The benefits of low prices should be compared with the reasons for why the prices are so high. Such factors as the geographical location, cultural preferences, and the access to the technological progress may create different working conditions. However, the evaluation of the two companies under consideration, it is possible to admit that even the global differences cannot explain the suc cess of companies. That is why more attention should be paid to the quality of work performed by the leaders of the companies. Southwest Airlines had different leaders. For example, the success factors of leadership demonstrated by Kelleher were based on the combination of the behavioural model and the contingency model. This leader showed how to introduce a successful group performance using casual variables, group atmosphere, the structure of the task, and personal involvement in work. In his turn, Parker was not that open. He did not support the interactions with the team and observed the changes outside the group of workers. Such differences in work of the company’s leaders prove that Southwest Airlines has a powerful team that is ready to accept any working conditions. The only requirement that does matter is the presence of a good leader. As soon as the team is motivated, the success of their activities can be expected. In comparison to Southwest Airlines, Emirates Airl ines prefers another leadership style. Its leader focuses on motivation and goals that should be set and achieved in a short period. All team members are motivated to follow the main mission of the company. The leader provides clear explanations and defines the roles accordingly. He demonstrates how it is possible to rely on the Maslow’s theory of motivation and makes sure that customers, as well as workers, are satisfied. Customer services offered by Southwest and Emirates differ as well. Though the customers of both companies are satisfied, the level and quality of satisfaction depend on the standards set by the organisation. For example, Southwest Airlines provides its passengers with such guarantees as safe transportation, low prices, discounts, and comfortable travel. The company informs passengers about what to expect, and the passengers know what they choose according to their personal incomes. Emirates Airlines does not support discounts, sales, or other similar ideas . Their main goal is to provide customers with high-quality services. The team do not hide the prices. Everything is clear. That is why the quality of customer services of both companies corresponds to the standards set. The financial situation of the companies can serve as one more proof that both companies are good at defining their leaders and considering the demands that matter. The tables offered in Appendix Section demonstrate the changes in incomes and, profits, and assets in 2013 and 2014. These findings are taken from the official reports of the organisations: the Emirates Group Annual Report (2015) and Southwest Airlines Co. Annual Report to Shareholders (2014). Revenues have been considerably improved during the last two years. The companies have achieved success and continue gaining profits. Leadership styles of the companies can be also predetermined by some cultural considerations. Southwest Airlines is an American company with each member being a devoted American. Tho ugh American aviation is not characterised by a number of ethical preferences, the corporate culture of this company is impressive indeed. One of the most crucial points is the attention to the people, who work in the company (Southwest culture 2015). The representative of the company (Dave Ridley) admits that Southwest defines its employees as the internal customers (Peel n.d.). The well-being of each employee is valued a lot. It seems that employees are more important for the company than the actual customers. Southwest aims at creating the best working environment so that people can enjoy each day of their work and get support from each other. The positive leader’s attitude is the basis of Southwest’s work. The leaders believe that if an employee is satisfied with the conditions under which he/she should work, a customer will also be satisfied. The company believes that profitability and culture should go together, and people can feel the treatment and care of the c ompany (Peel n.d.). Finally, the satisfaction of employees and the attention to their demands lead to a low level of turnover in the company. It means that not many expenses are necessary for training or searching new people. The staff is properly trained and experienced. It is one of the achievements of the company’s leader. It is not an easy task to make people stay and work hard all the time. The situation in Emirates Airlines is a little bit different. The leaders do not find it necessary to pay much attention to its employees. It is more important to focus on the customers and create high-quality services for them. As soon as customers have excellent travelling conditions, the team can enjoy the results of their work with customers. One more peculiar feature of this company is cultural diversity: more than 100 nationalities work at Emirates. This fact can be used to introduce Emirates as a global organisation and use various cultures, religions, and ethnicities as the so urces for innovations, leadership styles, and business ideas (Button 2008). In other words, Southwest exists for its employees, and Emirates exists due to its employees. The leadership styles of both companies may be defined as similar. However, the ways the companies work, the goals they set, and the methods they rely on are different. Cultural consideration, religion backgrounds, and personal attitudes of leaders to their companies are the main factors that should be considered in the analysis of Emirates and Southwest. Recommendations Both, Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines, demonstrate successful leadership styles and outcomes of their work. The aviation industry in complicated indeed: though the lives of all people depend on the aircraft and technologies used, the centre of both companies remains to be people. The main recommendations that can be given to Southwest’s leaders are as follows: Cultural programs can be better developed to improve the quality of servi ces offered to people from different parts of the world; Managers and employees have to develop more communication to discuss the ideas and provide innovations together; Additional activities may be developed approaching the example of the Emirates: Southwest may participate in some donation programs to introduce itself as a caregiving organisation; Motivation has to be properly developed: despite the fact that the employees are provided with the best working conditions, the company should motivate its workers day by day; Competitions may be encouraged as a kind of motivation for employees: as soon as the workers are divided into teams, they have to complete the tasks and demonstrate their best qualities. Conclusion Southwest has already achieved a lot in its native country and abroad. People, who work there, can feel care and quality of their leaders’ treatment. As a rule, employees are satisfied with everything they can get from the company. The comparison of Southwest and Emirates helps to comprehend that both companies have their strong and weak points. It is not always possible to understand what makes companies successful. However, it is always possible to realise that something can be done to improve the situation. Emirates Airlines shows how it is possible to satisfy their customers’ needs and meet expectations. Southwest Airlines focus on their employees. Both companies are powerful figures in the airline industry that prove that it is impossible to focus on both customers and employees properly. That is why each company has to make the main choice and define the priorities at the beginning of the work. Reference List About Emirates 2015, http://www.emirates.com/uk/english/about/press-room.aspx About Southwest 2015, https://www.southwest.com/html/about-southwest/index.html?clk=GFOOTER-ABOUT-ABOUT Blockley, D 2014, Structural engineering: a very short introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Button, K 2008, The impacts of globaliza tion on international air transport activity, http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/greening-transport/41373470.pdf Cento, A 2008, The airline industry: challenges in the 21st century, Springer Science Business Media, New York. ‘History’, 2015, Emirates, http://www.emirates.com/english/about/history.aspx IATA 2015, Air passenger market analysis, https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/passenger-analysis-jul-2015.pdf Lumpe, MF 2012, Leadership and organization in the aviation industry, Ashgate Publishing, Burlington. Lunenberg, FC Ornstein, AC 2008, Educational administration: concepts and practices, Cengage Learning, Belmont. Maslow, AH 2013, A theory of human motivation, Start Publishing, New York. Milliman, J, Ferguson, J, Trickett, D, Condemi, B 1999, ‘Spirit and community at Southwest Airlines: an investigation of a spiritual values-based model’, Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 221-233. Peel, B n.d. ‘Southwe st Airlines’ legendary corporate culture: an interview with Dave Ridley’, Le Tourneau University, http://www.centerforfaithandwork.com/article/southwest-airlines-legendary-corporate-culture-interview-dave-ridley Rapoza, K 2014, ‘Why UAE and Qatar have the world’s best airlines’, Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2014/04/01/why-uae-and-qatar-have-the-worlds-best-airlines/ Sadasivan, S Gramopadhye, AK 2009, ‘Technology to support inspection training in the general aviation industry: specification and design’, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 608-620. Southwest airlines co. 2014 annual report to shareholders 2014, southwest.investorroom.com/download/2014+Annual+Report.pdf Southwest corporate fact sheet 2015, http://www.swamedia.com/channels/Corporate-Fact-Sheet/pages/corporate-fact-sheet Southwest culture 2015, https://www.southwest.com/html/about-southwest/careers/culture.html The Emirates g roup annual report 2014-2015 2015, www.theemiratesgroup.com/english/facts-figures/annual-report.aspx Tierney, S Kuby, M 2008, ‘Airline and airport choice by passengers in multi-airport regions: the effects of southwest airlines’, The Professional Geographer, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 15-32. Truxal, S 2013, Competition and regulation in the airline industry: puppets in chaos, Routledge, New York. Waite, MR 2008, Fiver service leadership: theories and practices, Jones Bartlett Learning, London. Young, SB Price, M 2013, Airport leadership development program, Transportation Research Board, Washington. Appendixes Southwest Airlines Emirates Airlines This coursework on Success Factors and Leadership Strategies: Southwest Airlines and Emirates Airlines was written and submitted by user Rayden G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Alas, Poor Heroine

Alas, Poor Heroine Alas, Poor Heroine Alas, Poor Heroine By Maeve Maddox Anyone who has ever taught knows The Look. It is the eye-rolling look students throw at one another when the behind-the-times teacher uses what she thinks is a perfectly ordinary word, unaware that the word has taken on a new meaning. I can remember the first time I got The Look. Id read a poem which contained the word gay in the sense of full of joy or mirth. Again, I was rewarded with The Look when explaining to seventh graders that Madonna is a term for the Blessed Virgin Mary. That was in the early 80s and I was unaware of the latest singing sensation. Related to the adolescent Look is the reluctance among speakers of any age to use words that sound like something else. One such word is the feminine form of hero. Admittedly, theres a tendency for nouns with feminine endings to be abandoned in the face of modern feminism. Actress, for example, has mostly fallen out of use with members of the acting profession, except as an Academy Award category. Likewise poetess and authoress are felt to be abominations by women who write. The word heroine presents a different problem. It is too common in the discussion of literature to be abandoned. In ordinary conversation, and on television, however, people seem to prefer to use the word hero for both male and female persons of prowess. The word heroine is being driven out of ordinary speech because of its pronunciation. Ive seen a cousin to The Look on the faces of people who hesitate before calling a woman a heroine. Often they opt instead for female hero rather than say a word that sounds the same as an evil drug. Personally, I see nothing wrong with using the word hero as a unisex word. A word of caution is in order, however, when the writing context calls for the word heroine. The following appears in a brochure distributed by the Malco theatre chain: She [Dakota Blue Richards] saw the National Theatre production and announced that she wanted to be Lyra, the high-spirited heroin of The Golden Compass. TIP: Joan of Arc is a heroine. Nelson Algrens The Man with the Golden Arm is about a heroin addict. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should KnowHow to Punctuate Descriptions of Colors48 Writing Prompts for Middle School Kids

A short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A short story - Essay Example Nobody took Professor X’s effort seriously dismissing that the Professor has been chasing a pipe dream of looking for something that does not exist. A wasted genius they say. But still, Professor X continued beaming his signals into the outer space. Then suddenly, a response. Professor X was ecstatic, he himself cannot believe that his radio transmission were returned. For the first time in the history of science, a contact was made with an intelligent creature light years away. Through the help of a team of expert of linguists, Professor X’s team were able to understand the language of the alien. The creature’s name was Apex. He was a male and an astronaut from the Planet Gaul of the Lunar System Ephsus who just like Professor X, has also been scouring through the stars for a possible contact with an intelligent being. They are as excited to have made a contact from another planet just as the people of the Earth. After months of exchanges of information about each other’s planet and civilization, it was finally decided that an official meet up and physical contact should be made. Earth does not have the technology yet to visit Planet Gaul so it was agreed that it will be Apex’s team who would be visiting the Earth. According to Professor X’s estimate, the aliens will be arriving on earth six months from now. Necessary preparations were made for the arrival of Apex’s party. All honors were conferred to Professor X who rose to sudden popularity due to his recent contact with an extra terrestrial being. He also received unlimited funding from the United Nation’s for his research and was made in-charge of the receiving party since it was only Professor X who was privy in communicating with Apex’s party. The day arrived. Apex made an excited announcement that his ship has already landed in the designated landing field which Dr. X prepared for Apex’s arrival. Yet Dr. X cannot find the ship. He asked for

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS & ABSTRACT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS & ABSTRACT - Essay Example Lastly, I am deeply grateful to my brother, who patiently assisted me and helped me succeed in completing this project. The cost of non-renewable energy is increasingly rapidly over time. In addition to increasing costs, non-renewable energy sources are also damaging to the environment and risk depleting precious resources. It appears that batteries may be a good alternative providing that their source is renewable. In addition, batteries can be used as a power source in areas where traditional power sources are not accessible. In many isolated areas of the countryside, lead-acid batteries have become a popular and dependable source of energy for many people due to the lack of efficient power grids used in urban areas. Lead-acid batteries are often used as secondary power sources, although some people, particularly in rural areas, use them as the main source of power. Due to this need for more accessible, dependable power sources in rural areas, I am developing an affordable, multipurpose lead-acid battery charger. This battery charger is being designed with the specific needs of people in isolated r ural areas in mind and to be used particularly in outdoor situations. This lead-acid battery charger circuit design is ideal for 6-12v batteries and will be able to charge lead-acid batteries during the sunlight hours by utilizing solar power, a renewable power source. This circuit battery charger will utilize a regulator and a comparator to control the power that travels between the solar cell panel and the battery unit, which promotes efficient charging. In whole-battery operations, the circuit battery charger will charge the battery to full capacity while at the same time limiting over-charging and increasing battery life. The second unit informs the user of the charging status of the battery, and consists of four LEDs. Simulation of

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Microeconomics - Essay Example I would consider both fixed and variable costs in deciding to go to travel to New York from Los Angeles by either a plane or a car. Fixed costs that I will consider for the trip via plane include cost of an air ticket, luggage fees, and services provided on the journey, which are fixed costs as they have been determined by the airline and do not vary. Transportation costs to and from the airport, traffic and other costs arising after alighting from the plane are among the variable costs for consideration when traveling via plane. Fuel, food at stops, amount of traffic on the road, are the variable costs to be considered for travelling by car while car maintenance, toll fees, any repairs made on the way, parking fees paid in the course of the journey, washing and storage payments, and wear and tear to the car are fixed costs when travelling by car. As is evident, both fixed and variable costs are considered in making the decision on which transport from to use to New York from Los Ang eles. Ruegg, Rosalie T. The Police Patrol Car: Economic Efficiency in Acquisition, Operation, and Disposition : Prepared for National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, U.s. Department of Justice. Washington: The Bureau, 1978.

Land Law Problem Question on Driveway Development

Land Law Problem Question on Driveway Development Land Law Coursework Introduction The problem focuses on whether James would be bound by the right of driveway and the lease that Lily creates during her ownership in which the land was unregistered. Also, James wants to know whether the developer is bound by his interests; the restrictive covenant and the drainage. A distinction between the interests must be revealed in order to determine whether those interests are legal or equitable since they are treated differently by the law.[1] James became the first registered proprietor of the property in 2016 since Lilys title had remained unregistered from 1982. The sale to James is a registrable disposition of the land as a transfer.[2] Subsequently, James has become the legal owner and has complied with obligations under s.27 Land Registration Act 2002 (LRA). Driveway The first issue is whether James is bound by the right to use the driveway that Lily granted to Bill. This right is an easement.[3] The next thing to consider is whether this easement is capable of being a legal or equitable easement. Under s.1 (2) (a) Law of Property Act (LPA) for an easement to be a legal, it must be for a term equivalent to the fee simple absolute in possession or for a fixed term of years.[4] However, as shown by the facts this only lasts until Bill could create an alternative access. That is not a term of years since there is not a fixed date and it is not equivalent to the fee simple absolute as it is determinable. Therefore, it can be only equitable easement.[5] Equitable rights are rights in personam, which means a right is enforceable against certain persons.[6] Although the land was unregistered, James can be bound by rules for equitable interests. As there is no land charge registered,[7] the only way this right will be enforceable is subject to the doctri ne of notice. The only way that James can be bound is the doctrine of notice. This operates so that equitable interest will bind everyone except the bona fide purchaser (BFP) for value of a legal estate without notice. So, equitable owners could lose their interests if BFP of land has no notice of them. The absence of notice must be genuine and honest.[8] In this situation, the reasonable purchaser would have made enquiries because as the house plan showed, there is no alternative way for Bill to enter his garage apart from using Jamess driveway. Constructive notice is set out in s.199 (1) (ii) (a) LPA which provides that a purchaser will be bound by notice if it is within his knowledge, or would have come to his knowledge if such inquiries and inspections had been made as ought reasonably to have been made by him.[9] Here, James has deliberately abstained from enquiries to avoid having notice.[10] So, the fact that James solicitor did not find anything about the right of driveway o n the title register is irrelevant, and it is therefore likely that he will be bound due to constructive notice. Legal lease The second interest was a 4-year lease of the stable block to Usman which was created in 2015. This is potentially a legal lease since it is a term of years absolute, thus being a legal estate in land.[11] However, a lease that is more than 3 years to be valid must be created by deed.[12] In this case, Usman has only a letter which suggests that he failed to comply with the formalities.[13] At this point, is necessary to know exactly if it was a letter or a deed as it is considered as a very important detail. Since there is no deed it does not take effect at law and is equitable only. S.11 (4) (b) LRA[14] states that unregistered interests that override first registration are those that appear in Schedule 1.[15] Equitable leases cannot be an overriding interest under Schedule 1 Paragraph 1 because it applies only to legal leases.[16] It can be argued that James had constructive notice when he bought Oswald House as he noticed the painting equipment when he viewed the stable. However, James asked Lily about them and she clearly lied to him as she replied that they belonged to a friend which would get rid of them before James moved in. James can be considered as a BFP of a legal estate for value without notice. Therefore, James takes free from Usmans lease. Restrictive Covenant The third issue is whether the developer can build houses on the register land field. Although the covenant was created by deed, it is an equitable interest[17] because it does not fall in any legal interests that are listed in s.1 (2) LPA.[18] It is not a registrable disposition under s.27 of LRA.[19] S.29 of LRA[20] makes it clear that a purchaser is bound by interests that are protected by entry of notice on the title register or interests that override under Schedule 3.[21] Also, Schedule 3 Paragraph 2 refers to the interests of persons in actual occupation. James is not in actual occupation therefore it cannot be applied.[22] Restrictive covenants do not appear on Schedule 3 of the interests that can override. Also, there is no notice under s.32 LRA[23] which would protect the interest and thus developer takes free. Drainage Within the same deed as restrictive covenant, James had been granted a right of drainage. Right of drainage is an easement.[24] The next thing to consider, is to identify the nature of this right as to whether it is a legal or equitable easement. To be a legal easement, it must be equivalent to a term of years or to the fee simple absolute under s.1 (2) (a) LPA. Since it is created by deed and it complies with the requirements it can be regarded as potentially a legal easement.[25] As this easement was created prior to the LRA, it is not a registrable disposition.[26] Although, they can be overriding interests under the LRA Schedule 3 Paragraph 3 (which states that a legal easement is an interest that can override registrable disposition).[27] This easement is not the subject of an entry in the register, as James can find no mention of it. Therefore, it needs to be checked whether it falls within any of the Paragraphs of Schedule 3. Schedule 3 deals with interests that override regis trable dispositions. Only easements that are obvious on a reasonably careful inspection will override. It is argued that this should have been obvious due to its regular use, therefore it will override.[28] Therefore, developers are bound by James easement even though it does not appear on the title register. Conclusion In conclusion, James is bound by the right that Lily creates in relation to Bills driveway but takes free from Usmans lease. On the contrary, the developer can build his new homes on the field but is bound by Jamess right of drainage. Bibliography Primary Sources Table of Cases Ellenborough Park, Re [1956] Ch 131 Jones v Smith [1841] 66 ER 943 Kling v Keston Properties Ltd [1989] 49 P CR 212 Midland Bank v Green [1981] AC 513 Table of Legislation Land Charges Act 1972 Land Registration Act 2002 Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 Law of Property Act 1925 Secondary Sources Books Clarke S and Greer S, Land Law (5th edn, Oxford University Press 2016) Journal Articles Chambers R., Landmark Cases in Property Law [2016] CLJ 635 [1] Sandra Clarke and Sarah Greer, Land Law (5th edn, Oxford University Press 2016) 38. [2] Land Registration Act 2002, s.27(2)(a). [3] Ellenborough Park, Re [1956] Ch 131. [4] Law of Property Act 1925, s.1(2)(a). [5] Ibid, s.1(3). [6] Robert Chambers, Landmark Cases in Property Law [2016] CLJ 635, 637. [7] Land Charges Act 1972. [8] Midland Bank v Green [1981] AC 513, [528] (Lord Wilberforce). [9] Law of Property Act 1925, s.199 1(ii)(a). [10] Jones v Smith [1841] 66 ER 943, [55] (Lord Wigram). [11] Law of Property Act 1925, s.1(1)(b). [12] Ibid, s.54(2). [13] Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 s.1(2). [14] Land Registration Act 2002, s.11(4)(b). [15] Ibid, Schedule 1. [16] Ibid, Paragraph 1. [17] Law of Property Act 1925, s.1(3). [18] Ibid, s.1(2). [19] Land Registration Act 2002, s.27. [20] Ibid, s.29. [21] Ibid, Schedule 3. [22] Kling v Keston Properties Ltd [1989] 49 P CR 212. [23] Land Registration Act 2002, s.32. [24] Ellenborough Park, Re [1956] Ch 131. [25] Law of Property Act 1925, s.52. [26] Sandra Clarke and Sarah Greer, Land Law (5th edn, Oxford University Press 2016) 88. [27] Land Registration Act 2002, Schedule 3, Paragraph 3. [28] Ibid, Paragraph 3(2).

Corporal Punishment Essay -- Education

Corporal punishment is a very controversial topic that is being discussed amongst educators across the nation. Corporal punishment refers to any physical form of punishment, but in this case it refers to in schools. Currently there are many different terms used to label corporal punishment, for example, it has been called spanking, paddling, caning, lashing, popping, smacking, whipping or beating. Each term carries its own different meaning, but they all represents some form of corporal punishment. Corporal punishment involves the deliberate infliction of pain upon a child, by an adult, as a result of the child's misbehavior or perceived misbehavior. It has been proven scientifically that the effects of it can be detrimental to the emotional and educational needs of children. The most ironic thing I found pertaining to corporal punishment was that most people, (myself included) do not know that it is still common practice in some public schools in the United States. Many states have outlawed it because it was thought to be cruel and outdated. Some of the punishments were very cruel ranging from having students hold a dictionary over their head for an excess amount of time, paddling in front of school assemblies, to football coaches striking players with wooden paddles for not getting good enough grades. All of these practices seem unnecessary, cruel, and demeaning; but all of them were within the means of the law. Almost half of the states in the U.S. have refused to pass legislation banning corporal punishment in public schools. And in most of these states it is still very common practice. Studies show that there is a regional pattern in the states that have not prohibited corporal punishment. It showed that all ... ...ternative means of discipline, there should be no problem with Ohio changing. In fact, schools that have eliminated corporal punishment have reported many positive results, such as increased attendance, higher academic performance, decreased behavioral problems, and better relations between student and school personnel. In view of the harmful effects of corporal punishment and the availability of far better disciplinary methods, it is important that school district provide the leadership necessary to eliminate this form of punishment in all schools across the nation. Corporal punishment in schools leads to greater intolerance and condones using physical violence. The evidence indicates that failing to do eliminate corporal punishment will jeopardize the health and happiness of many children and will heighten the already high levels of violence in America society.

Dowry System Essay

In India, dowry (Hindi: à ¤ ¦Ã  ¤ ¹Ã  ¥â€¡Ã  ¤Å", DahÄ“ja) is the payment in cash or some kind of gifts given to a bridegroom’s family along with the bride. Generally, they include cash, jewellery, electrical appliances, furniture, bedding, crockery, utensils and other household items that help the newlywed set up her home. Wedding gifts of the son of the imam of Delhi India with soldiers and 2000 guests The dowry system is thought to put great financial burden on the bride’s family. It has been cited as one of the reasons for families andwomen in India resorting to sex selection in favor of sons. This has distorted the sex ratio of India (940 females per thousand males) and may have given rise to female foeticide. The payment of a dowry has been prohibited under The 1961 Dowry Prohibition Act in Indian civil law and subsequently by Sections 304B and 498a of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). Contents 1 Prevalence 2 Laws 3 Social factors 4 Economic factors 5 Domestic violence 5.1 Physical abuse 5.2 Emotional abuse 5.3 Murder 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Prevalence The trends regarding dowry in India vary across the nation.[6] Over the last few decades, there has been an observed transition from the brideprice system, where wealth flows from the groom to the bride’s family, to the dowry system where wealth flows in the opposite direction. According to studies, areas in south India have traditionally practiced the brideprice system, even among  upper castes. In the north, societal differences in marriage led upper castes to practice a dowry system, while in lower classes brideprice was more common. Wedding Procession- Bride Under a Canopy with Gifts. Circa 1800 In the last 100 years, the dowry system has taken over the brideprice system, and the existing dowry system is becoming more entrenched in cultures that have practiced it traditionally. According to research, brideprice has been declining since the beginning of the 20th century, and today very little is still in practice. Rather, dowry has been growing both in families participating and in cost across India. Studies show there are also variations on dowry prevalence based on geography and class. States in the north are more likely to participate in the dowry system among all classes, and dowry is more likely to be in the form of material and movable goods.[5] In the south, the brideprice system is still more likely, and is more often in the form of land, or other inheritance goods. This system is tied to the social structure of marriage, which keeps marriage inside or close to family relations.[5] Dowry also varies by cl ass, or caste, in India. Upper-class families are more likely to engage in the dowry system than the lower class. This could be in part due to women’s economic exclusion from the labor market in upper classes. Laws See also: Dowry law in India Dowry became prohibited by law in 1961 with the purpose of prohibiting the demanding, giving and taking of dowry. Although providing dowry is illegal, it is still common in many parts of India for a husband to seek a dowry from the wife’s family, in some cases leading to extortion or violence against the wife. To stop offences of cruelty by the husband or his relatives against the wife, section 498A was added to the Indian Penal Code and section 198A to the Criminal Procedure Code in 1983. Section 498A has been criticised by many in India as being prone to misuse. The law was challenged in court, but upheld by the Supreme Court of India in 2005. Social factors Social changes across time have contributed to the modern dowry system in  India. Some of the social factors influencing dowry include tradition, increased women’s rights, and the â€Å"marriage squeeze†, which is the shortage of eligible men for marriage. Tradition is certainly one explanation given by scholars to address the prevailing dowry system. One aspect of this is the structure and kinship of marriage in parts of India. In the north, marriage usually follows a patrilocal (lives with husband’s family) system, where the groom is a non-related member of the family. This system encourages dowry perhaps due to the exclusion of the bride’s family after marriage as a form of premortem inheritance for the bride. In the south, marriage is more often conducted within the bride’s family, for example with close relatives or cross-cousins, and in a closer physical distance to her family. In addition, brides may have the ability to inherit land, which makes her more valuable in the marriage, decreasing the chance of dowry over the bride price system. In addition to marriage customs that may influence dowry, social customs or rituals, and parents expectations of dowry are important factors to consider. Several studies show that while attitudes of people are changing about dowry, the institution has changed very little, and even continues to prevail. In a study conducted by Rao (1980), 75% of students responded that dowry was not important to marriage, but 40% of their parents’ likely expected dowry. The social and traditional influence on dowry is not to be neglected. While India has been making progress for women’s rights, women continue to be subject of their family and husband. Women’s education, income, and health are some significant factors that play into the dowry system, and for how much control a woman has over her marriage. According to data, India still limits women’s social interactions, and restricts economic and social rights. In addition, the stress and financial burden of the dowry system may lead to son preference, which can lead to a skewed sex ratio (see also the economic factors and domestic violence sections). Lastly, there is a stro ng argument given for the â€Å"marriage squeeze† trend for dowry. This theory explains that increased fertility coupled with decreased mortality has caused a shortage of eligible men has declined, raising the dependence on and cost of dowry. This increases women’s competition in the marriage market, and decreases their value compared to other brides, unless dowry is competitive. According to Rao (1993), these  conditions will be less critical as marriage age increases for women, and pressure to find a mate declines. Indian weddings can be lavish events that can last multiple days Economic factors There are many economic factors that contribute towards the system of dowry. Some of these include inheritance systems and the bride’s economic status. Because female-based inheritance was not legal in India until law reforms in the 1950s, dowry may have begun as a form of legal inheritance for daughters. The system would give women economic and financial security in their marriage in the form of movable goods. This helped prevent family wealth break-up and provided security to the bride at the same time. This system can also be used as a premorteminheritance, as once a woman is presented with movable gifts, she may be cut off from the family estate. The act of bidding farewell to one’s own family members as the bride leaves her home and steps into that of her husband’s is often an emotional one However, as the system evolved, dowry has become a greater financial burden on the family, and can leave families destitute based on the demands from the groom. According to research done by Heyer (1992) and Srinivasan (2005), the amount of gold demanded as dowry has increased from around five pavun (1 Pavun= 8 grams) in 1930 to 100 or more pavun in 2000. The increase in dowry prices has immense implications on families and on women in Indian society including physical and emotional abuse, murder, and sex selective abortion and infanticide (see #Domestic violence section). Another factor affecting dowry is the bride’s economic status. When a bride’s family is from a upper class (or caste), the family is expected to pay more for her dowry, and provide a grand display of wealth. This can be detrimental to a bride ’s wedding prospects if the family cannot afford the dowry, and can lead to some women either being forced into an unfavorable marriage or not marrying at all.Women in higher castes are also sometimes not expected to contribute financially to the family she enters, besides household work, which may cause the prevalence of dowry over brideprice. Domestic violence Dowry is considered a major contributor towards observed violence against women in India. Some of these offences include physical violence, emotional abuses, and even murder of brides and girls. National Crime Records in India reported approximately 6,000–7,000 dowry-related deaths every year and about 43,000–50,000 cases of mental and physical torture over the years from 1999-2003, indicating that violence and dowry are a serious national concern. Physical abuse Physical violence against women has been a growing concern in India over the last few decades. Recently married women can be a target for dowry related violence, because she is tied economically and socially to her new husband. As discussed in previous sections on social and economic factors, dowry can undermine the importance of women in society, which might lead to further domestic violence, because dowry may contribute to women’s inferior status in her family and in her culture. In addition, there are studies indicating dowry as a threat, or hostage type situation, in order to attain greater funds from the bride’s family. This can be seen in young (and often pregnant) brides, who are most vulnerable in the situation.[16] This type of stuation can occur with the threat or occurrence of violence, so that the bride’s family is left with no choice but to give more dowry to protect their daughter. In these cases, the husband and his family hold immense power, while the bride is left powerless; this can lead to murder and suicide. The areas of the greatest observed dowry related violence is in the Indian statesof Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar. Emotional abuse The impact of dowry can leave a woman helpless and desperate, which can cumulate in emotional trauma and abuse. Brides are often considered owned by their husbands, and often have very little power in the marriage, which can lead to depression and suicide. Dowry reinforces these beliefs and is considered to escalate effects of emotional trauma in a marriage. Murder The system of dowry has also been linked to murder of young brides. Physical abuses described above can also result in murder. These murders can arise due to the financial demands from a husband, or dissatisfaction of the bride from the groom’s family. In addition, the concept of â€Å"Bride Burning† refers to the sacrificial murder of a bride who is unsatisfactory to her husband in the form of dowry. In these cases, the woman is considered a sacrifice to her husband due to her inadequacy, and is glorified as an honorable woman. These cases reinforce the structured violence against women, while glorified as being â€Å"purer or more sacred than a dowry death†. In addition to bride murder, the institution of dowry may also reinforce sex-selective abortion and female infanticide.[14] Due to the social and economic burdens of dowry, families may choose boys over girls, so that they avoid consequences of the system. This then may strengthen gendered violence and pref erential male treatment in society. There are laws like Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 that help to reduce domestic violence and to protect women’s rights. References 1. Jump up^ Godrej ‘Nupur Jagruti’- Dahej Ke Khilaf Ek Awaz 2. ^ Jump up to:a b c Anderson, Siwan (2007). â€Å"The Economics of Dowry and Brideprice†. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 21 (4): 151–174. doi:10.1257/jep.21.4.151. 3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Srinivasan, Sharada (2005). â€Å"Daughters or Dowries? The Changing Nature of Dowry Practices in South India†. World Development 33 (4): 593–615.doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.12.003. 4. Jump up^ Census of India – India at a Glance : Sex Ratio 5. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m Dalmia, Sonia; Pareena G. Lawrence (2005). â€Å"The Institution of Dowry in India: Why It Continues to Prevail†. The Journal of Developing Areas 38 (2): 71–93.doi:10.1353/jda.2005.0018. 6. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i Bhat, P. N. Mari; Shiva S. Halli (1999). â€Å"Demography of Brideprice and Dowry: Causes and Consequences of the Indian Marriage Squeeze.†. Population Studies 53 (2): 129–148.doi:10.1080/00324720308079. 7. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Rao, V. (1993). â€Å"Dowry ‘inflation’ in rural India: A statistical investigation†. Population Studies 47 (2): 283–293. doi:10.1080/0032472031000147016. 8. Jump up^ Hutton, J.H. (1963). Caste in India: Its Nature, Function and Origins. Bombay: Oxford University Press. 9. Jump up^ Srinivas, M.N. (1989). The Cohesive Role of Sanskritization and Other Essays. Delhi: Oxford University Press. 10. Jump up^ â€Å"Amend dowry law to stop its misuse, SC tells govt†. The Times Of India. 2010-08-17. 11. Jump up^ â€Å"Sushil Kumar Sharma vs Union Of India And Ors on 19 July, 2005†. Indiankanoon.org. Retrieved 2013-02-18. 12. ^ Jump up to:a b Krishnaswamy, Saroja (1995). â€Å"Dynamics of p ersonal and social factors influencing the attitude of married and unmarried working women towards dowry†. International Journal of Sociology of the Family 25 (1): 31–42. 13. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Rao, V.V. Prakasa; V. Nandini Rao (1980). â€Å"The Dowry System In Indian Marriages: Attitudes, Expectations And Practices†. International Journal of Sociology of the Family 10 (1): 99–113. 14. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f SRINIVASAN, SHARADA; ARJUN S. BEDI (2007). â€Å"Domestic Violence and Dowry: Evidence from a South Indian Village†. World Development 35 (5): 857–880.doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.08.005. 15. ^ Jump up to:a b c Seager, Joni (2009). The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World. New York: Penguin Group. 16. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i Teays, Wanda (1991). â€Å"The Burning Bride: The Dowry Problem in India†. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 7 (2): 29–52. 17. ^ Jump up to:a b Srinivasan, Padma; Gary R. Lee (2004). â€Å"The Dowry System in Northern India: Women’s Attitudes and Social Change†. Journal of Marriage and Family 66 (5): 1108–1117.doi:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00081.x. 18. ^ Jump up to:a b Bloch, Francis; Vijayendra Rao (2002). â€Å"Terror as a Bargaining Instrument: A Case Study of Dowry Violence in Rural India†. The American Economic Review 92 (4): 1029–1043.doi:10.1257/00028280260344588. 19. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g PRASAD, B. DEVI (1994). â€Å"Dowry-Related Violence: A Content Analysis of News in Selected Newspapers†. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 25 (1): 71–89. 20. ^ Jump up to:a b Hackett, Michelle T. (2011). â€Å"Domestic Violence against Women: Statistical Analysis of Crimes across India†. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 42 (2): 267–288. External links[edit]

Pros and Cons of Planting Mimosa in Your Yard

Pro's and Con's of Planting Mimosa in Your Yard Albizia julibrissin, also called silk tree, was introduced into North America from China where it is a native species. The tree along with its  silk-like flower arrived in North America in 1745 and was rapidly planted  and cultivated for use as an ornamental. Mimosa is still planted as an ornamental because of its fragrant and showy flowers but has escaped into the forest and now considered an invasive exotic.  Mimosas ability to grow and reproduce along roadways and disturbed areas and to establish after escaping from cultivation is a major problem.  Mimosa is considered an exotic invasive tree. The Beautiful  Mimosa Flower and Leaf Silk tree has showy and fragrant pink flowers that are just over an inch long. These lovely pink flowers resemble pompoms, all of which are arranged in panicles at the ends of branches. These beautiful flowers appear in abundance from late April to early July creating a spectacular sight that enhances its popularity. These flowers are the perfect color  pink, they have a pleasant fragrance and are very attractive during  spring and summer flowering. They can also be a mess on property under the tree. The abundant  fern-like leaf also adds a bit of magic and is unlike many, if any, of the North American native trees. These unique leaves make Mimosa popular to use as a terrace or patio tree for its light-filtering effect with dappled shade and a tropical effect. Its deciduous (loses its leaves when dormant) nature allows the sun to warm during cold winters. These leaves are finely divided, 5-8 inches long by about 3-4 inches wide, and alternate along the stems. Growing Mimosa Mimosa grows best in full sun locations and is not peculiar to any particular soil type. It does have a low  tolerance for salt and grows well in acid or alkaline soil. Mimosa is drought tolerant but will have a deeper green color and more lush appearance when given adequate moisture. The tree lives on dry-to-wet sites and tends to spread along stream banks. It prefers open conditions but can persist in the shade. You will seldom find the tree in forests with full canopy cover, or at higher elevations where cold hardiness is a limiting factor.   Why You Should Not Plant Mimosa Mimosa is short lived and very messy. It, in a very short time, shades large areas in the landscape which inhibit  sun-loving shrubs and grasses. Seed pods litter both the tree and the ground, and the tree is considered an invasive species in  North America. The seeds readily germinate and seedlings can cover your lawn and the surrounding area.  The mimosa flower, to be honest, is beautiful but if the tree is shading outside property or over automobiles, you will have a major annual cleaning problem through the flowering season. The wood of mimosa is very brittle and weak and the multiple spreading branches are prone to breakage. This breakage is a major factor in its limited ability to live a long life. In addition to the breakage, the tree attracts webworm and vascular wilt which leads to an early demise. Typically, most of the root system grows from only two or three large-diameter roots originating at the base of the trunk. These can raise walks and patios as they grow in diameter and make for poor transplanting success as the tree grows larger. Redeeming Features Mimosa is a handsome tree with beautiful silk-like flowers.Mimosa is tolerant of drought and alkaline soils.